The term ‘tuberculosis’ is derived from the Latin word ‘tuberculum’, meaning a small swelling or nodule. The countries with the highest rates of tuberculosis globally include India, China, Indonesia, the Philippines, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, and South Africa.
What is Tuberculosis?
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection primarily affecting the lungs, though it can also impact other body tissues.
TB is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which can affect various organs, including the brain, spinal cord, and kidneys, alongside the lungs.
Types of Tuberculosis
TB is categorized into two main types: active TB and latent TB.
Active TB
Active TB occurs when an individual becomes infected with the TB bacteria and exhibits symptoms. Seeking prompt medical attention is crucial for those affected.
Latent TB
Latent TB exists when a person has TB bacteria in their body but does not exhibit any symptoms.
Causes of Tuberculosis
Infection occurs when an individual inhales germs released by an infected person through coughing or sneezing. It’s important to note that TB is not transmitted through touch, sharing utensils, or sexual contact, as the bacteria do not survive on surfaces.
Individuals with weakened immune systems are more susceptible to TB when exposed to an infected person. This includes patients with conditions such as diabetes, cancer, HIV, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, or those with poor nutrition.
Additional risk factors for TB infection include:
- Working or spending time in a nursing home or hospital
- Living with someone who has active TB for an extended period
- Traveling to regions with high TB prevalence
- Smoking excessively
- Having kidney issues
Signs and Symptoms of Tuberculosis
Latent TB typically shows no signs or symptoms. However, common symptoms of active TB include:
- Persistent cough
- Chest pain and palpitations
- Weakness and fatigue
- Fever and chills
- Night sweats
- Loss of appetite
- Coughing up phlegm or blood
- Unexplained weight loss
- Swollen lymph nodes
- Headaches
- Abdominal pain and cramping
Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
To determine if TB bacteria are present, healthcare providers may recommend tests such as a blood test or a skin test.
A blood test involves drawing blood from a vein to be analyzed in a laboratory for the presence of TB bacteria.
The skin test, known as the Mantoux Tuberculin test, involves injecting a small amount of tuberculin—a sterile solution derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis—into the skin. A reaction from the immune system indicates a TB infection, which is assessed by observing the resulting wheal on the forearm.
Treatment of Tuberculosis
Early detection and treatment of TB are critical, as untreated TB can be severe. A doctor will tailor a treatment plan based on various factors, including age, gender, severity of the infection, exposure duration, existing health conditions, and medical history.
Typically, treatment involves a combination of medications for 7 to 9 months, including drugs such as isoniazid, ethambutol, rifapentine, and pyrazinamide. Adhering to the full course of medication is essential to prevent the infection from recurring. Although latent TB does not show symptoms, it also requires treatment, usually involving antibiotics for 3 to 6 months.
Prevention of Tuberculosis
Since TB can be contracted unexpectedly, particularly in areas where it is prevalent, it’s advisable to adopt preventive measures, including:
- Regular hand washing with soap and water
- Maintaining distance from individuals who are coughing or sneezing
- Wearing a mask when visiting someone with TB
- Covering your mouth when coughing or sneezing in public
Conclusion
Many individuals feel frightened upon learning about tuberculosis due to its high prevalence in the country. However, timely diagnosis can lead to effective treatment. With proper medical care and adherence to prescribed medications, TB can be fully treated.
