Edema refers to swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body’s tissues. While it can occur in localized areas, such as the hands, arms, ankles, feet, and legs, it can also affect the entire body. This condition is most commonly seen in pregnant women and individuals aged 65 and older. Edema is generally prevalent, with various underlying causes, and many mild cases resolve on their own, making it difficult to determine the exact incidence rate.
Types of Edema
- Peripheral Edema: This type primarily affects the legs, feet, and ankles. It may indicate underlying issues with the kidneys, circulatory system, or lymphatic system.
- Pedal Edema: Characterized by fluid accumulation in the lower legs and feet, pedal edema can make movement challenging and may reduce sensation in the affected areas. It is more common during pregnancy or in older adults.
- Lymphedema: Occurring when lymph nodes are damaged, often due to cancer treatments such as surgery and radiation, lymphedema leads to swelling in the arms and legs.
- Pulmonary Edema: This condition involves fluid accumulation in the air sacs of the lungs, making breathing difficult, especially when lying down. Symptoms can include rapid heartbeat, a feeling of suffocation, and coughing, sometimes with blood.
Symptoms of Edema
Common symptoms associated with edema include:
- Noticeable swelling in a specific area of the body compared to the previous day.
- Skin over the swollen area appears stretched and shiny.
- Difficulty walking due to swelling in the legs, ankles, or feet.
- Coughing or breathing difficulties.
- A sensation of fullness or tightness in the swollen region.
- Mild pain or discomfort in the affected area.
While swelling can occur anywhere in the body, it most frequently affects the feet, ankles, and legs.
Causes of Edema
Several factors can contribute to the development of edema, including:
- Poor Nutrition: Inadequate nutrition can lead to fluid retention in various body parts.
- Underlying Medical Conditions: Serious conditions such as heart failure, lung disease, liver disease, kidney problems, and thyroid disorders can cause edema.
- Medication Side Effects: Certain medications, particularly those for pain management and blood pressure, may lead to fluid retention as a side effect.
- Pregnancy: Swelling in the legs is common during pregnancy due to pressure from the uterus on lower body blood vessels.
Compromised Immune System: Factors such as burns, trauma, infections, and allergic reactions can result in edema.
