Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic Rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis, often called hay fever, is characterized by inflammation of the nasal passages triggered by allergens. Symptoms include nasal congestion, sneezing, itching, and watery eyes. While seasonal allergic rhinitis occurs at certain times of the year, perennial allergic rhinitis persists throughout the year. Common triggers include pollen, pet dander, dust mites, and mould. Diagnosis typically involves a review of medical history, physical examination, and allergy testing. Treatment options include avoiding allergens, antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids, and immunotherapy. Proper management helps reduce symptoms and improve the quality of life for those affected by allergic rhinitis. 

Allergic rhinitis is an allergic reaction to airborne allergens, causing symptoms like sneezing, itchy eyes, and runny nose. Commonly referred to as hay fever and occurs when the body reacts to particles like pollen or dust.

Types of allergic rhinitis

 There are two primary types of allergic rhinitis:

• Seasonal allergies: These usually occur during spring and autumn, caused by outdoor allergens like pollen. It affects children, teenagers, and young adults more often.
• Perennial allergies: These can occur year-round and are triggered by indoor allergens like dust mites and pet dander. Perennial allergies are more common in adults.

Symptoms of allergic rhinitis

Symptoms of allergic rhinitis may include:

• Nasal congestion
• Runny nose
• Frequent sneezing
• Itchy eyes and throat
• Headaches
• Sore throat
• Dark under-eye circles
• Cough
• Difficulty smelling
• Trouble breathing
• Fatigue
• Mucus buildup in the throat
• Clogged ears

Causes of allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis develops when allergies irritate the immune system. Breathing in allergens like pollen, dust, or pet dander can trigger this reaction.

For some, the immune system mistakenly identifies these allergens as harmful, causing it to release chemicals like histamine that result in symptoms.

Risk factors of allergic rhinitis

• Certain factors can increase the likelihood of developing allergic rhinitis, including:
• A family history of hay fever.
• Asthma
• Atopic eczema (a skin condition that makes the skin feel itchy and irritated).
• Cigarette smoke
• Air pollution
• Cold temperature
• Fumes
• Wind
• Certain perfumes

Allergic rhinitis diagnosis

To diagnose allergic rhinitis, we review the patient’s symptoms, seasonal changes, exposure to allergens or pets, and medical history. A physical exam is also conducted.

Two primary tests may confirm the diagnosis:

• Allergy blood test: A blood sample is analyzed to measure IgE antibodies and determine specific allergens causing the reaction.
• Skin prick test: Small amounts of allergens are applied to the skin, which is pricked. If the patient is allergic, the skin will react within 15-30 minutes.

Allergic rhinitis treatment

Treating allergic rhinitis can involve several approaches:

Lifestyle modifications

These include limiting exposure to allergens by keeping windows closed, washing hands after contact with pets, using air filters, and protecting oneself from pollen by wearing sunglasses and hats.

Antihistamines

These medications prevent histamine production, easing symptoms like runny nose, sneezing, and itching. Antihistamines come as pills, sprays, or drops (e.g., Loratadine, Fexofenadine).

Leukotriene inhibitors

These block leukotrienes, another chemical involved in allergic reactions. The most common inhibitor is Montelukast, available as a pill.

Decongestants

Decongestants help relieve nasal congestion and are available in pill or nasal spray form (e.g., Phenylephrine, Pseudoephedrine). However, long-term use can lead to complications.

Corticosteroid nasal sprays

These are effective in reducing inflammation and other symptoms. They can be used continuously or as needed.

Immunotherapy

Allergy shots introduce small doses of allergens to the body, gradually increasing immunity and reducing reactions over time.

Conclusion

Allergic rhinitis, an immune response to airborne irritants, causes symptoms like runny nose, sneezing, and itchy eyes. For an accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment plan, patients are encouraged to consult an ENT specialist. At Yupiter Hospital, our specialists utilize advanced techniques to diagnose and treat allergic rhinitis.